The How's of Science Communication

In this time of world, where communicating science is more important than ever, here are some tips that I learnt in my tryst with Science Communication.

Recently, I participated in FameLab, the world’s biggest science communication contest, organized by the British Council. It specifically targets early career researchers, challenging the participants to give a scientific talk under 3 minutes and excel in the 3 Cs - content, clarity and charisma. Since I won the Zurich regional finals, it allowed me to join a masterclass taught by experts from the UK, before taking part in the Swiss national finals (You will find the Video in the end). Although I did not win the nationals, I am extremely happy to have undergone the experience of constantly learning and honing the skill of communicating research effectively. I would, therefore, like to share some of the tenets I learnt to make talks for both live and in this pandemic age – virtual audiences. 


1.    Content


•    Simplify your content and make it jargon free


Being in the field day in and day out, we often take concepts, technical terminology and abbreviations as common knowledge. But these are not, and we need to be cognizant of this fact. A recent study showed that the use of jargons serves as a status compensation function. The Nobel Laureates I have listened to have often been the simplest and easiest to understand. 

 

•    Know your audience and pitch accordingly


Over simplification can also make the audience think you’ve judged them below their intellectual capability. Einstein said “You don’t really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother”. He didn’t say explain to a toddler who hasn’t learnt their spelling yet. 


•    Simplification doesn’t have to cost accuracy


When presenting a complex topic, analogies help initial understanding a lot. For example, comparing electricity to water flow. At the same time, as scientists, it is our job to not spread false or inaccurate information that could lead to unintended public conclusions. So, it is important to mention and concede what we don’t know for sure, but always stress the best information that we have available.

 

2.    Clarity


•    Structuring your speech is key


Starting with a hook, and ending with a wow-able statement is important. All the other information goes in between. Nobody listening will retain every single thing uttered. So, it’s useful to make byte-sized impact lines, and repeat them as take-away messages. 

 

•    Make Pace and Pause your allies


Allow the listeners to digest the information, and this has to happen at the right pace. Choose the speed according to the language demands, content complexity, and audience ability. Pause when it has to sink in, and speed up when it is only building on what came before. 

 

•    Voice and Movement


The art of speech comes with both body language and vocal modulation. This can show the speaker’s conviction, passion, and importantly content corroboration. Non-verbal messaging is a silent orchestra. Studies have repeatedly confirmed the causal role of gestures in perception and persuasion. 

 

3.    Charisma


•    Be yourself, but bring the “Uber You”


At the end of the day, when following the above suggestions, do not try to be somebody else. That is counterproductive. Certainly be yourself, but you could be a toned up version of yourself- the Uber You. By bringing your true self, and adding your personal anecdotes, etc., you can strike empathy. Audiences don’t buy just the science; they buy the scientists. 

 

•    Balance composure and enthusiasm


When presenting, we have to make the listeners be engaged with the talk. That needs energy. But too much of it could seem nervous and also the loss of steam. It is, therefore, important to balance your enthusiasm and composure. 

 

•    Be prepared and own the stage


Be prepared with the speech. Period. Know the start thoroughly so that you can set into your rhythm, and the rest can follow seamlessly, even if only through pointers. Be it a live stage, or virtual platform, know your surroundings – familiarize yourself with the hard and software. 

 

Adapting to Virtual Settings


For virtual and online talks, on platforms such as Zoom where we are increasingly engaging in, most of the above suggestions apply. A few additional ones could help: 
•    Familiarizing yourself with the software and its functions
•    Have good hardware – internet, camera, microphone or speakers
•    Be aware of your surroundings – your clothing, background, lighting and noise 
•    Reduce content to 60% of live equivalent. Zoom is tiring. 
•    Prepare slides with consideration – not too much text; keep the right-top free for placing speaker videos; not too long or with that many animations for those with slower connections. 

These are only guiding suggestions and, according to one’s own context and preferences, the talks could be customized to meet the needs. Ultimately, communicating science needs to be enjoyable and edifying for both the presenter and the listener.
 

This is the second piece in a series of Science Communication posts.
Read the first one on the Why's of Science Communication here.

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                   the greatest obstacle for sanitation enterprises. On the basis of these res
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                  erprise value proposition should be reevaluated. Four enterprise types are p
                  roposed and can explain half of the variance among the sanitation enterprise
                  s studied. The context of a sanitation enterprise, including its countries o
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                  itation value chain, influences the barriers that the enterprise encounters.
                   This research underscores the crucial role of context in influencing barrie
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                  olicy makers to take these contextual dimensions into account.
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                  mdes,&nbsp;S.&nbsp;C.
' (97 chars) title => protected'Citywide inclusive sanitation: aligning investments with the global sanitati
                  on and wastewater goals
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                  ealth. Incorporating various advances over the past two decades, the urban s
                  anitation agenda has evolved towards the paradigm shift of Citywide Inclusiv
                  e Sanitation (CWIS). Overall, CWIS aims at providing equitable and sustainab
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                   (SDGs) 6 on clean water and sanitation and directly and indirectly benefits
                   several other SDGs. Since its inception in 2016, CWIS has evolved through v
                  arious research and implementation experiences, resulting in four conceptual
                   frameworks that redefine sanitation as a service delivery process, emphasiz
                  ing the entire sanitation value chain and the coexistence of sewered and non
                  -sewered technologies. This discussion paper draws on 77 journal articles an
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                   the topic by comparing the four prominent CWIS frameworks and by identifyin
                  g key advances, current gaps, and emerging issues to inform ways forward tow
                  ards a more unified CWIS framework.
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                  ng framework
' (88 chars) journal => protected'Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (55 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected11 (integer) issue => protected'6' (1 chars) startpage => protected'1036' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'1047' (4 chars) categories => protected'Citywide Inclusive Sanitation; CWIS planning framework; India; sanitation pl
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' (105 chars) description => protected'Sanitation in India has received national attention for over a decade, espec
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                  clusive Sanitation (CWIS). A mixed method approach of shit flow diagrams, so
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                  onal, state (2) and city (4) levels was conducted. Eight factors were identi
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                   political and financial support, overlapping jurisdictions, and scheme-base
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                   for it. Therefore, this framework provides the theoretical basis for planni
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                  de,&nbsp;L.; Tilley,&nbsp;E.; Zurbrügg,&nbsp;C.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.
' (141 chars) title => protected'Advancements in and integration of water, sanitation, and solid waste for lo
                  w- and middle-income countries
' (106 chars) journal => protected'Annual Review of Environment and Resources' (42 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected46 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'193' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'219' (3 chars) categories => protected'water; sanitation; solid waste; integrated approach; Sustainable Development
                   Goals
' (82 chars) description => protected'The water, sanitation, and solid waste sectors are closely related and have
                  many interactions between their respective service chains in low-and middle-
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                  nation, and opportunities for co-benefits are seldom realized. This review p
                  resents the key advancements within each of these three development sectors
                  in the past two decades. We identify numerous similarities such as decentral
                  ization, resource recovery, community involved planning, and digitalization.
                   Despite the potential for synergies and the opportunities to maximize posit
                  ive interactions, there have been few attempts to break the existing sectora
                  l silos in order to integrate these three service chains. We argue that, wit
                  h the right enabling environment, an integrated approach to holistically pla
                  nning and implementing water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management
                  can create positive interactions resulting in co-benefits among complementar
                  y development goals.
' (1008 chars) serialnumber => protected'1543-5938' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304' (37 chars) uid => protected22679 (integer) _localizedUid => protected22679 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected22679 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
000000005d1b189b0000000035e0c673 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=19941, pid=124) originalId => protected19941 (integer) authors => protected'Narayan,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Fischer,&nbsp;M.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.' (59 chars) title => protected'Social network analysis for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): applicati
                  on in governance of decentralized wastewater treatment in India using a nove
                  l validation methodology
' (176 chars) journal => protected'Frontiers in Environmental Science' (34 chars) year => protected2020 (integer) volume => protected7 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'198 (18 pp.)' (12 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'social network analysis; validation methodology; decentralized wastewater tr
                  eatment; mega and secondary cities; citywide inclusive sanitation
' (141 chars) description => protected'Social network analysis (SNA) is a versatile and increasingly popular method
                  ological tool to understand structures of relationships between actors invol
                  ved in governance situations. Given the complexity of the set of stakeholder
                  s involved in the governance of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and the
                   diversity of their interests, this article proposes SNA to the WASH sector.
                   The use of SNA as an appropriate diagnostic tool for planning Citywide Incl
                  usive Sanitation is explored. Missing data is a major problem for SNA in the
                   studies of governance situations, especially in low- and middle-income coun
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                   the validation method is then applied to study the governance of decentrali
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                  mmunity engagement and overall sanitation situation including aspects of dec
                  entralized wastewater treatment plants, based on the city types.
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                   Kapur,&nbsp;D.; Sankara Narayan,&nbsp;A.; Pres,&nbsp;A.; Salian,&nbsp;P.; S
                  puhler,&nbsp;D.; Tempel,&nbsp;A.
' (184 chars) title => protected'A sanitation journey. Principles, approaches &amp; tools for urban sanitatio
                  n
' (77 chars) journal => protected'' (0 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected0 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'79&nbsp;p' (9 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Although the number of urban dwellers in the Global South with access to imp
                  roved sanitation increased significantly over the last three decades, progre
                  ss has been outpaced by rapid urban growth. The number of people in urban ar
                  eas lacking improved sanitation has steadily increased and today over 1.8 bi
                  llion urban dwellers do not use safely managed services. Progress has not on
                  ly been slow, but also uneven between different segments of the population.
                  The focus of ministries, urban authorities and financing agencies has been m
                  ostly on incremental expansion of sewers, benefitting non-poor segments of t
                  he population, and in most places, utilities have failed to provide citywide
                   services mainly because they have stayed within the sewer paradigm. [...]
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                  proach that can achieve multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
                  s (SDGs). <em>Abishek S. Narayan</em> and <em>Christoph Lüthi</em> at the D
                  epartment of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at t
                  he Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) in Zuri
                  ch, Switzerland, explain the concept and its implementation through current
                  projects.
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                  sp;R.; Tsakanika,&nbsp;A.; Wotton,&nbsp;S. (Eds.), Urban waters - How does w
                  ater impact and is impacted by cities and human settlements?
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                  ; Reynaud,&nbsp;N.; Narayan,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Siemsen,&nbsp;P.; Lüthi,&nbsp
                  ;C.; Philip,&nbsp;L.
' (172 chars) title => protected'Technology, implementation and operation of small‐scale sanitation in Indi
                  a. Performance analysis and policy recommendations. Small‐scale sanitation
                   scaling‐up (4S) - project report vol. I
' (194 chars) journal => protected'' (0 chars) year => protected2020 (integer) volume => protected0 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'127&nbsp;p' (10 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'<em>Introduction</em> – In addition to underground drainage and large‐sc
                  ale sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the management of faecal sludge and s
                  eptage from non‐sewered on‐site systems, small‐scale sanitation (SSS)
                  
                  
                  xible implementation. Therefore, they have significant potential for cost‐
                  effective local wastewater treatment and reuse. In order to improve public h
                  ealth, relieve water stress and protect the environment in urban India, SSS
                  systems have a key role to play.<br /> Since a policy drive for small sewage
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                  ding urban areas, especially in big cities. However, it is known that many o
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                  based policy recommendations for their successful design, implementation, op
                  eration and maintenance at scale.
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                   Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge
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Author

Abishek S Narayan
(Dr. Sc. ETH) Project Manager / Researcher
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